How to use Nmap in Kali linux for Reconnaissance

Step 1: Open Nmap in Kali

Open a terminal in Kali and type nmap.

kali > nmap

When you do so, nmap will display the help screen like that below.

Using nmap's basic syntax:

nmap IP address

We get results like that below showing all of the TCP ports that are open on our target machine and the default service for that port.

Step 2: Scan for Specific Port or Port Range

Sometimes we are looking for a specific port or a port range. Nmap uses the -p switch to designate a port or port range. So, if we were only looking for ports 25-150, we could use:

kali > nmap 192.168.89.191 -p25-150

As you can see, this command scans and reveals only the ports in that port range.

Step 3: Scanning a Subnet

Often, we want to scan more than a single IP address. Nmap allows us to use CIDR notation to designate an entire subnet. So, for instance, if we wanted to scan on entire Class C subnet (256 hosts) for port 80 open, we could type:

kali > nmap 192.168.89.0/24 -p80

As you can see in the last line of this output from nmap, it scanned all 256 addresses in the subnet and found "2 hosts up." One host had port 80 open and the other did not.

Step 4: Spoofing & Decoy Scan

When we are scanning machines that are not ours, we often want to hide our IP (our identity). Obviously, every packet must contain our source address or else the response from the target system will not know where to return to.

The same applies to spoofing our IP when using nmap. We CAN spoof our IP address (-S) in nmap, but as a result, any response and any info we are trying to gather will return to the spoofed IP. Not very useful, if we are scanning for info gathering.

A better solution is to obfuscate our IP address. In other words, bury our IP address among many IP addresses so that the network/security admin can't pinpoint the source of the scan. Nmap allows us to use decoy IP addresses so that it looks like many IP addresses are scanning the target.

We can do this by using the -D switch, such as:

nmap -sS 192.168.89.191 -D 10.0.0.1,10.0.0.2,10.0.0.4

This scan will use three decoy IP addresses, but also use our own address as well. In this way, we get responses and the info on the target AND the admin of the system sees scans coming from four systems simultaneously. In this way, he can't pinpoint the true source of the scan easily.

Step 5: Evading Firewalls

Many firewalls and routers block or drop the ICMP (echo request, echo reply) ping. This is meant to obscure the presence of the hosts behind the firewall and protect against a possible DoS using the ping packet.

When you use nmap to scan a system or network, by default, it send out a ping to see if the host is up and if it gets a response, it then sends the specified packets to scan the system. If the ping is blocked or dropped, nmap gives up and says, "host is down."

To get around firewalls and routers that block or drop the ping, we need to suppress nmap's default behavior of sending out that initial ping and get past the firewall that is blocking us. We can do this by using the -P0 switch:

kali > nmap -sS -P0 192.168.89.191

Step 6: Gathering Version Info

When nmap runs a port scan, it retrieves the port info (open/closed/filtered) and then gives us the default service that is running on that port. As one can run ANY service on any port, that may not be adequate information. If our attack requires a particular service on a particular port, gathering the default information may not be enough.

We need to know what service is actually running on that port, not the default service. For instance, knowing that port 80 is open and running http is good to know, but if our attack is specific to Apache, then if the target has Microsoft's IIS running on that port, it won't work. We often need the service on the port.

Nmap has a feature that interrogates the service running on each port scanned. It can be used with the -V switch, such as:

kali > nmap -V 192.168.89.191

Notice in the output above that the server is running an older version of IIS on port 80. That makes a tempting target!

Step 7: UDP Scan

Up until this point, all of our scans have been for TCP ports. Some services and ports use UDP to communicate to the outside world. Scan types (-sS and -sT) will not find UDP ports as they are only looking for TCP ports. Some services only run on UDP, such NTP (port 123) and SNMP (port 161). To find these ports and services, we need to do a UDP scan. We can do this with the -sU switch:

kali > nmap -sU 192.168.89.191

As you can see, the UDP scan reveals ports and services not found with our TCP scans.

Step 8: Reason

Note in the output from the UDP scan above that some ports are reported as open/filtered. This indicates that nmap cannot determine whether the port is open or it is filtered by a device such as a firewall.

Unlike TCP ports that respond with a RST packet when they are closed, UDP ports respond with an ICMP packet when they are closed. This can make scans far less reliable, as often the ICMP response is blocked or dropped by intermediate devices (firewalls or routers).

Nmap has a switch that will return the reason why it has placed a particular port in a particular state. For instance, we can run the same UDP scan as above with the --reason switch and nmap will return the same results, but this time will give us the reason it has determined the particular state of the port.

kali > nmap -sU --reason 192.168.89.191

Notice in the screenshot above that I have highlighted the "reason" that nmap has found that port 123 is either open or filtered. Nmap tells us that it received "no response," so it doesn't know if that port is open or filtered.

Step 9: Using a List

Many times we want to scan a list of IP addresses and not an entire subnet. We can use any text editor and create a list of IP addresses and "feed" it to nmap. Here, I am using Leafpad, which is built into Kali (any text editor will work), to put together a list of IP addresses I want to scan.

Then I can use this list of IP address in nmap rather than having to retype these IP addresses each time I scan.

kali > nmap -iL scanlist.txt

As you can see, nmap scanned all five IP addresses I listed in my text document, but only found two were up.

Step 10: Ouput to a File

If we are scanning multiple IP addresses, we probably want to save the output to a file for later reference. Although nmap has many ways and formats to save the output, I prefer the -oN (output normal) switch.

Simply add the -oN switch at the end of the command with the name of the file you want to save the output to. Here, I have used a file named "portscan.txt":

kali > nmap -sS 192.168.89.191 -oN portscan

When I run the command, I get my same output to the screen, but I also get that output saved to a file. I can view the contents of that file by using the cat, more, less commands. Here I have used the cat command.

kali > cat portscan.txt

As you can see, the output that always appears on the screen with a nmap scan is now saved to a file for later reference and some permanence.

Nmap is one of those tools that EVERY hacker must master to be proficient at this trade. With this post, we have advanced your nmap skills another step, but we still have much to learn, so keep coming back, my novice hackers!